For these purposes, the UC, together with the universities of the JINR Member States, creates appropriate conditions for students and PhD students from universities of the Member States to enable them to work on their qualification theses based on the research

conducted in the laboratories of the Institute, supports the activities of the JINR-based departments of the universities based in the country of the Institute’s location, participates in the creation and development of network training programmes, trains students, PhD students, and interns on the basis of cooperation agreements with the universities of the JINR Member States and international organizations. An important part of the human resources programme is organization and running of international student practices and schools for young people from the Member States of the Institute; building and maintenance of the laboratory environment intended for hands-on training in scientific and engineering disciplines; support and further development of the system of training courses aimed at gaining or improving professional skills and qualifications of JINR technical and engineering personnel.

Development of the JINR outreach programme aimed at promotion of modern science achievements among school students and teachers, organization of excursions and online tours of the JINR main facilities; participation in science festivals, exhibitions, and forums promoting JINR; development of cooperation and communication with educational centres for school students; design and production of information materials for the JINR information centres, administration of the UC groups in the social media.

Expected results in the current year:
Support and supervision of the educational process at the JINR-based departments of the Russian universities.

Support of the system of assigning young researchers to JINR laboratories for preparation of their PhD theses.

Organization and running of the International Student Practices in JINR Fields of Research for students of the JINR Member States' universities. Attraction of new countries for participation in the programme.

Organization and running of the JINR student programme "START" (summer and winter sessions) and online programme "INTEREST" (spring and autumn waves).

Test-running of the school for future teachers.

Organization and running of joint scientific events and schools with partner universities at JINR.

Support and further development of an information system on the preparation of qualification theses by students and PhD students from universities of the JINR Member States in the Institute laboratories.

Organization and running of the Engineering and Physics Training hands-on activities for students and PhD students from the JINR Member States, further development of the existing laboratory works, development of laboratory works at LINAC-200. Further development of educational programmes on the accelerator arrangement and beam diagnostics.

Development of the language courses programme aimed at teaching Russian as a foreign language and English to JINR personnel.

Running of the training courses aimed at gaining or improving professional skills and qualifications of the technical and engineering personnel of the Institute.

Organization of scientific schools for physics teachers from the Institute Member States at JINR.

Further development of educational programmes for high school students from the partner countries of JINR.

Further development of virtual tours of JINR main facilities and video conferences with educational institutions of the JINR Member States. Organization and guidance of group visits to JINR for school and university students.

Promotion of modern educational resources in the JINR Member States.

Organization of the participation of JINR in science festivals on the basis of Russian universities.

Further development of the partner network of JINR information centres.

Organization and running of the JEMS programmes in accordance with the international cooperation plan.

 Project in the theme:

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
The development of the superconducting proton cyclotron MSC-230 will create a source of intense proton beams, opens up possibilities to modernize the equipment for precise control and delivery of high dose rate for studies by the Flash therapy method. MSC-230 may become the first model for a series of specialized medical accelerators of this type. The cyclotron should provide a current  up to 1 μA in continuous mode and up to 10 μA in pulsed mode at the proton energy of 230 MeV.

The modeling and testing prototypes of the cyclotron elements, such as a proton source and a deflector, on the test benches and the developing of the magnetic field measurement system are necessary for the successful launch of the MSC-230 cyclotron.

The project actuality  is determined primarily by the importance of creating adomestic accelerator for proton therapy using the most modern methods, distinguished by a unique beam intensity, as well as the relevance of medical and biological research that will be conducted at MSC-230.

Expected results upon completion of the project:
The MSC-230 cyclotron commissioning on the beam design parameters necessary for testing equipment and treating patients with modern proton therapy methods.

Expected results of the project this year:
The study of the operability of individual cyclotron systems: deflector, proton source. Development of the magnetic field measurement system including the calibration magnet. Determination of medical and technical conditions for the  proton therapy center projecting.

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
The most modern free electron lasers, as well as other facilities which require high quality electron beam, the photocathode injectors are being used. Such injectors allow to obtain higher beam quality than thermoemission ones. Replacement of the thermoinjector of the LINAC-200 accelerator to the photoinjector is being considered. This will result in the beam emittance reduction, will give more flexibility in beam temporary profile and eventually will allow to construct LINAC-200-based FEL in the range from far IR to UV and soft X-rays.

Expected results of the activity upon completion:
The photoinjector testbench with the electron energy of up to 6 MeV based on S band RF gun construction.  The possibility of replacing the thermoinjector of the LINAC-200 accekerator with a photoinjector to improve beam quality and variability of its parameters conclusion.
Research of the quantum efficiency of various “transparent” photocathodes based on ultrathin carbon films: depending on deposition method, carbon phases and structures, doping elements and their concentration, cathode shape etc.

Expected results of the activity in the current year:
Design and assembling of the testbench equipment: laser beamline, vacuum and RF systems, synchronization of the laser with RF system, beam focusing and diagnostics. Design of the safety systems.

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
The Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia expressed its intention to take part together with JINR in the development of a joint concept (and in the future, a project) for the establishment of a pilot scientific and clinical center for proton therapy on the basis of the existing medical center No. 9 of the FMBA in Dubna and based on the MSC-230 accelerator being created at JINR. The objectives of the center will be development of modern methods and technologies of radiation therapy, medical technologies and diagnostics for the use of radiation therapy, advanced scientific research in the field of radiobiology, experimental irradiation and further treatment of patients.

Expected results of the activity upon completion:
Preparation of the project for establishment a proton therapy center.

Expected results of the activity in the current year:
Development of medical and technical conditions for the project of establishment a proton therapy center.

 Analytical and Methodological Developments
for the Organization of Scientific Research and International Cooperation
in the Main Directions of JINR Development 

The problem under study and the main purpose of the research:
In addition to the Projects highlighted below, the task of particular importance is the complete of commissioning of the basis facility of DLNP - the linear electron accelerator LINAC-200.

The main objectives of the research at the LINAC-200 linear electron accelerator for the upcoming 7-year period are:
– providing electron beams with energies of up to 200 MeV (with a possible increase in energy up to 800 MeV) for research and scientific and methodological work on the creation of detectors of elementary particles at JINR and in scientific centres of the member states for experiments at the NICA collider and other facilities, including those outside JINR;

– study of controlled generation of electromagnetic radiation by relativistic electrons based on the use of functional materials, search for new methods and creation of equipment for beam diagnostics in accelerators;

– carrying out research work on the creation of beams of relativistic electrons with a large orbital momentum;

– implementation of educational programmes of the JINR University Centre;

– conducting research, including applied studies in the field of radiation materials science, radiobiology, radiochemistry.

The expected operating time of the accelerator within the framework of the open user programme will be at least 2000 hours per year.

The goal of the project "Design and development of a test zone for methodological studies of detectors at the linear electron accelerator at DLNP" is to create an infrastructure based on the LINAC-200  for methodological studies using electron beams with energies from 20 MeV to 200 MeV.

Within the project "Precision laser metrology for accelerators and detector complexes", the main objectives are to  carry out scientific research and methodological studies on the development of Precision Laser Inclinometers for their application to scientific and applied tasks (monitoring the position of collider elements, improving the accuracy of measurements of Gravity antennas, earthquake forecasting); improvement of methods of metrological measurements; creation of a seismically isolated platform.

The goal of the project "Development of experimental techniques and applied research on monochromatic positron beams (PAS)" is to create a facility to study the structure of various materials and defects arising under various physical influences (aging, external loads, radiation exposure). One of the methods is positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). This method is sensitive to the detection of various (so-called "open-volume") defects ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 nm with a minimum concentration of up to 10^–7 cm^–3. The PAS method has four orders of magnitude better spatial resolution compared to the transmission electron microscope.

The main goal of  the project "New semiconductor detectors for fundamental and applied research" is the development and methodological study of a new class of physical devices - hybrid pixel semiconductor detectors operating in the mode of counting individual particles. These devices first appeared at the turn of the 2000 s and differ from other pixel detectors by the ability to process and digitize the signal directly in the pixel, which makes it possible to obtain data on the energy of each particle falling into an individual pixel in addition to coordinate information.

The goals the project "GDH & SPASCHARM" are the introduction equipment operating at ultralow temperatures and polarized targets into the practice of physical experiment and conduct of polarization studies and participation in innovative projects using cryogenic, magnetic and polarization technologies.

 Projects:

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
Scientific and methodological studies of elementary particle detectors are a necessary condition for the progress of nuclear physics and high energy physics. Preparation of experiments at future accelerators requires new types of detectors capable of coping with large loads and providing the required accuracy and reliability of particle detection. Development of new detectors is also important for applied research based on the use of synchrotron radiation sources and intense X-ray facilities. In particular,  creation of new SR sources and super-powerful lasers in the JINR Member States leads to the creation of experimental stations based on detectors with high spatial and energy resolution.

The lack of facilities with test electron beams at JINR significantly slows down progress in development of new types of electromagnetic calorimeters and coordinate detectors for future MPD and SPD experiments at the NICA collider, photon imaging detectors, radiation-resistant detectors and dosimetric instruments. The purpose of the presented project is to create an infrastructure based on the linear electron accelerator LINAC-200 for methodological research on electron beams with an energy of 20 MeV and 200 MeV. It is planned to use a test area based on LINAC-200 and for conducting experiments on the study of photonuclear reactions, for applied research (radiation materials science, radiation genetics, etc.).

Expected results upon completion of the project:
As a result of the implementation of the project, an equipped test zone will appear at the LINAC-200 accelerator of DLNP JINR for carrying out scientific methodological and scientific experimental work by JINR groups and institutes of the JINR Member States.

Expected results of the project this year:
Creation of an additional output of an electron beam at an energy of 130 MeV.

Measurement of electron beam characteristics at energies of 20, 130 and 200 MeV.

Testing narrow-gap proportional chambers using electron beams.

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
The implementation of the project is aimed at long-term monitoring of the behaviour of the base of the collider (NICA) to track critical design changes that can cause beam deviations from the calculated orbits. Also, monitoring will make it possible to control angular vibrations of the collider elements from microseismic noise of industrial and natural origin in order to identify sources of noise and frequencies that coincide with the resonant frequencies of the collider elements, which can lead to a decrease in luminosity.

An equally important component of the project is development of a compact inclinometer capable of measuring changes in the angles of inclination of the surface with an accuracy of about 10^-8 radians throughout the year, and further, building of a network of such inclinometers in seismic regions to determine energy accumulation zones and potentially seismic areas.

Expected results upon completion of the project:
Creation of a network of small-sized laser inclinometers (MPLIs) for monitoring the behaviour of the base of the collider (NICA) to track critical design changes that can cause beam deviations from the calculated orbits. Creation of a hardware-software complex for synchronization and processing of MPLI data. Creation of software for visualization of changes in the position of the Earth's surface under the NICA collider.

Modification of the current MPLIversion for long-term stable operation for 6-12 months with angular measurements accuracy of 10^-7 rad at remote geodetic points, powered by solar panels.

R&D on a new version of the MPLI - an interferometric PLI (IPLI), which has a weak temperature dependence and less expensive production based on available components.

Based on the sets of modified MPLIs and IPLIs, carry out  deployment of networks to determine the regions of seismic energy accumulation and monitor objects on the territory of Kamchatka, Armenia, Belarus and Uzbekistan.

Create the necessary software for receiving data from the PLI network, online control, visualization of the Earth's surface by a controlled network, algorithms (including machine learning, neural networks) for determining zones of increased accumulation of seismic energy.

Creation of a prototype of an amplitude interferometric length meter for a length of 16 m, creation of a prototype of a laser reference line for a length of 128 m, creation of a prototype of a seismically stabilized research platform, use of compact MPLIs to improve the frequency parameters of the gravitational antennas of the VIRGO detector.

Expected results of the project this year:
Create a thermal stabilization system for IPLI.

Install the IPLI in the lab of the Kamchatka branch of the EGS RAS..

Install IPLI at the geophysical observatory Naroch in Belarus.

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:

Applied research in the field of solids by PAS methods and the development of experimental techniques using these methods are among the goals of the project. To study defects in materials, the annihilation line Doppler broadening (DBAL) method is used, which is implemented on a flow of slow monochromatic positrons. The DBAL spectrometer is made according to the standard scheme. The Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) method implemented on an autonomous ²²Na source is also used. To develop the experimental base, the PALS method is being introduced on a flow of slow monochromatic positrons. The group proposed an original version of this method based on the formation of an ordered stream of slow positrons.

Expected results upon completion of the project:

Improvement of the DBAL spectrometer by adding to the measurement scheme the possibility of registering the coincidence of two annihilation gamma quanta.

Completion of the positron ordering system and commissioning of the PALS spectrometer on a monochromatic positron beam.

Development of the ion etching technique using the created etching system and its application to the study of thin-film multilayer materials.

There is a problem of high-temperature vacuum heating, which can be solved by heating samples with an electron beam. The available technical capabilities make it possible to implement this heating method.

Expected results of the project this year:
Continuation of applied research in collaboration with TPU (layered materials Zr/Nb) and SAFU (synthetic diamonds).

Investigation of polymeric materials and thin films (BiVO4) in collaboration with colleagues from Vietnam.

Further research on the radiation resistance of refractory materials (W, WC).

Completion of the automatic control system for the PAS installation.

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
In 2015, theme 1126 was opened. The main goal of the work is the development and methodological research of a new class of physical devices - hybrid pixel semiconductor detectors operating in the single-particle counting mode. These devices first appeared at the turn of the 2000s. and differ from other pixel detectors by the ability to process and digitize the signal directly in the pixel, which makes it possible to obtain data on the energy of each particle falling into an individual pixel in addition to coordinate information.

The ability to measure the energy of an X-ray gamma ray opens up new possibilities that were previously unavailable. Having such information, you can determine not only the absorption capacity of individual elements of the object under study, but also determine the material of this element. Thus, in medical X-ray tomographs, the identification of substances in individual parts of a living organism provides vital information about metabolic pathways, tissue components and delivery mechanisms of these substances. This task is of particular importance when studying drug delivery. Carrying out such studies using X-ray computed tomography (CT) is currently difficult due to the lack of available detection systems with high spatial resolution and capable of measuring the energy of gamma rays. The goal of this project is to create a hardware and software basis for the development of detection systems with hybrid pixel detectors and radiographic medical and industrial equipment based on them. As a result of the project, prototypes of new energy-sensitive pixel detectors will be developed and manufactured in industry.

Expected results upon completion of the project:
The main direction of further work will be the development of our own ASIC and the production of new energy-sensitive semiconductor X-ray image detectors and equipment for:
- creating a hardware and software basis for the development of new types of X-ray devices for medical and industrial diagnostics, including computed tomography;


- improving methods for identifying substances in x-ray studies using data on the measured energy of gamma quanta.

Expected results of the project this year:
Manufacturing and testing of the first elements of the developed ASIC.

Study of the characteristics of new sensor materials (CdTe and CZT) manufactured at "KristalsNord" LLC

Continuation of joint work with chemists from Moscow State University on the MARS microtomograph.

Brief annotation and scientific rationale:
Experimental study of one-spin asymmetries in the production of various light particles using a pion beam with an energy of 28 GeV at the first stage, and the study of one-spin and two-spin asymmetries in dozens of reactions, including those with the formation of charmonium, using a polarized proton beam (SPASCHARM project).

The ultimate goal of the SPASCHARM project is to study the spin structure of the proton, starting with determining the contribution of gluons to the spin of the proton at large values of the Björken variable x by studying the spin effects in the formation of charmonium. This will make it possible to understand the hadronic mechanism of charmonium production and to isolate the gluon polarization Δg(x) at large values of x.

Experiments with a real photon beam: photoproduction of mesons on nucleons and nuclei and Compton scattering on nucleons. Main objectives: experimental confirmation of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule, investigation of the helicity structure of partial reaction channels, resolution of the excitation spectrum of baryons from light quarks, search for missing baryon resonances and exotic states (dibaryons, narrow nucleon resonances), study of the structure of hadrons.

Measurement of ΔσΤ and ΔσL in an experiment on the transmission of polarized neutrons through a polarized deuteron target at neutron energies <16 MeV, where there are limited experimental data and where theory predicts a significant effect of three-nucleon forces (3NF). This part of the project (NN) is a continuation of measurements of the same quantities in the scattering of neutrons by protons, which were carried out earlier.

Research and development of polarization equipment for MESA.

To date, there is no theory that gives a complete and consistent description of all the observed polarization effects in the hadronic sector. Therefore, a systematic experimental study of polarization effects in a wide variety of reactions using polarized beams and polarized targets is of great importance for the development of a theory that consistently describes all the observed spin phenomena.

The observed polarizations are the paramount characteristics of the interactions of elementary particles and nuclear reactions. Formally, the measurement of spin-dependent parameters imposes additional restrictions on the proposed reaction mechanism, the structure of the microobject under study, and the very nature of the fundamental interaction. It should be noted that modern experiments aimed at searching for the effects of CP violation and T invariance violation outside the Standard Model, as well as CPT violation, are based on polarization measurements.

Expected results upon completion of the project:
Development and construction of a new cryostat for a polarized "frozen" target of the SPASCHARM installation.

Development and construction of the main components of a powerful 3He/4He dilution refrigerator for the "MESA" facility.

Completion of work on the creation of a cryostat for a polarized target at the University of Bonn.

Return transport and full launch of the polarized target in Mainz for the "GDH" project.

Carrying out polarization studies using a polarized "frozen" target at the "MAMI C" accelerator.

Carrying out polarization studies on a new polarized target at the Bonn University accelerator, "ELSA".

Assembly, installation and testing of a powerful 3He/4He dilution refrigerator on the beam channel of the MESA setup.

Launch of the modified polarized target of the "SPASCHARM" facility and the beginning of the collection of physical statistics on the accelerator.

According to the NN-interaction program, channeling experiments will be carried out after the upgrade of the stand for the source of polarized deuterons, - 2024-2025.

Carrying out precise measurements of vector and tensor polarizations of the deuteron beam at the VdG accelerator.

Preparation of a special device for using a new target material based on trityl-doped butanol.

Manufacture and installation of equipment for measuring polarization of neutrons using scattering on a 4He target.

Depreservation of the polarized deuteron target and the beginning of measuring the difference between the cross sections ΔσΤ and ΔσL in the experiment on transmission of at neutron energies <16 MeV.

Expected results of the project this year: 
Complete creation of a new cryostat for a polarized target at the University of Bonn.

Participation in the physical data taking at the ELSA accelerator.

 Collaboration